Except in the 90s you controlled 100% of the code running on your computer. Now there are all kinds of treacherous computing with all those "trusted" execution environments and TPMs and all the other bullshit that can't be avoided, with someone else's public keys burned into the silicon.
TEE on Android, for example. Intel ME on PCs, and probably TPMs also have a firmware of their own. Secure Enclave on Apple devices.
There's an outstandingly good perspective on the issue in another thread: >>36859465
However; courts, Free Software Movement and alternative operating systems plus Mozilla stopped this.
Now all of them are under attack. Esp. Free and Open Software Movement is being enshittified with a process which we can call as "Rewrite it in Permissive Licenses, so companies can hire you while closing down the ecosystem".
We really need a flood to clear this mess.
Sure, there was much closed code, but there was no signed or trusted code. You could still reverse engineer, patch and reflash every single bit of it to your liking, provided you knew what you were doing. On modern hardware, even dumping the decrypted binary for the "trusted execution environment" is a challenge, and getting the thing to run your modified version is simply impossible because it needs to be signed with a key you don't have.
From what I gather it depends a lot on the country, but in some countries, including Russia where I'm from, money transfers are done through your bank's app. You probably won't go to a branch to send someone $15 for pizzas they ordered at a party or something. Your only option would be to carry cash for such occasions.
I'm in the US, but this is exactly what I do. I don't think I've ever actually used a banking app to send a small payment to someone for things like this, nor has anyone tried to use an app to send money to me. Cash is king.
(I fully understand that not everyone can or wants to handle payments this way. I'm just saying what works for me. I have no banking apps on my phone at all.)
A computer without TPM, a "management engine", an Ethernet card with real Firmware in a real ROM, no platform controller, nothing.
...and a completely open BIOS w/o any binary blobs, and UEFI layer.
Almost a 486DX, almost.
> an Ethernet card with real Firmware in a real ROM, no platform controller, nothing. ...and a completely open BIOS w/o any binary blobs
None of which I was talking about. But I am pretty sure that with any motherboard, you can disable onboard Ethernet and install whatever adapter you want instead.