I am actually a little surprised that iOS would gather this information. What use would it serve?
Generally speaking, Apple is drastically better about location services privacy. For instance, Apple Maps does not tie any location data nor direction requests to your Apple ID, and regularly rotates identifiers for devices used by the service: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212039
That being said, my theory is in another comment.
Source: Worked on that. One example of hundreds.
Does this matter? How many people do you know that aren't logged in on their phones? It is literally one the first things Android asks you to do even before showing you the main screen.
The original concern was caused because iOS would still activate location services and display the icon during these checks, even if you had turned location services off completely in settings.
This may be only technically true. It's not Android, it's Google Play Services, which collects "anonymized", high-accuracy[1] location data constantly.
[1] Yeah, that's actually a contradiction-in-terms. There is no such thing as anonymized, high-accuracy location data.
The OP article suggests that IP data from the uploads could be used to estimate location, and their table has a “location” column. But that column seems to be referencing the fact that iOS reports when location services are turned on and off, rather than a specific location derived from the phones sensors.
This is of course ignoring opt-in telemetry which is used to improve maps etc. Which obviously involves sending your location back to Apple.
That is literally what the OP article is saying. Apple phones home your gps location even if you don't sign in. That's the claim of the OP article (really the claim of the paper the article is quoting)
From the paper: "iOS sends the MAC addresses of nearby devices, e.g. other handsets and the home gateway, to Apple together with their GPS location. Currently there are few, if any, realistic options for preventing this data sharing."
> The management of Ultrawide Band compliance and its use of location data is done entirely on the device and Apple is not collecting user location data.