zlacker

I meant to imply grid scale solutions not just pumped hydro only. The point was end customers based storage is not cost effective option for negative pricing, which will be be almost always marginally negative just shy of the cost of plants to scale down their generation.

Pumped hydro has been the cheapest by far and proven at scale far beyond any other solution including grid scale batteries, but only works in specific geographies and up to a fixed scale.

Grid scale batteries, pumped hydro, molten salts or other grid scale storage are all viable options provided TCO is cheaper than arbitrage that comes from price fluctuations.

This is no different than arbitrage in say commodity markets by taking delivery of the goods like say how U.S. government is using its strategic oil reserves these days.