zlacker

Pennsylvania v Mimms absolutely did determine LEO need justification. It can be done for officer safety or to perform an arrest, it's not just free license to ask anyone who is to be cited to get out of their car. This is even mentioned in the case; it was the "bulge" in the jacket that might be a gun that authorized the police to ask them to exit his vehicle.

If a policeman asks you to get out of your car without justification you can bet they're the sort that are more likely to not be disciplined with their use of force either. Police are always quick to cite this case but generally they're ignorant of what it says, they just mindlessly say "pennsylvania v Mimms" everytime they want to be a dick to someone by inconveniencing them or to incite an arrest of someone they think won't want to leave their car. Look up "Civil Rights Lawyer" online and he even uses PA v Mimms against one officer ordering someone out in a case because their order was unlawful.