> In other words, there aren't many banks that let you take sensitive actions with just a browser and that's been true since the start of online banking.
when I started online banking I used a browser and a TAN list for years. No apps required
>>master+(OP)
"Browser and TAN list" is equivalent to "Browser and app". A browser can't be used in isolation, there is and was always some second factor required for online banking, but a banking app can be used in isolation.