Not quite.
Windows Defender was released together with Windows Vista, this was very rudimentary and only handled malware and spyware not unlike Malwarebytes, it did not handle viruses.
Microsoft Security Essentials was released standalone sometime during Windows 7's era, this was fully fledged anti-virus.
Microsoft Security Essentials was renamed Microsoft Defender and bundled with Windows starting from Windows 8, where it has stayed to this day.
The version of Windows Defender that came with Vista was a bit different and included realtime scanning when executables were run.
The original team that worked on this was awesome but a bunch of bad managers came over from Exchange and ruined it.
source: worked on this several years ago