The only ones that can "promise" a yield are sellers of titles for a fixed period. Anything else is an estimate at best
Exorbitant returns - extremely high probability of ending up at the bottom of the pyramid.
A company being unable to meet its original obligations due to a bad business model is a type of financial risk that falls under this definition.
> risk premium arises from supply and demand in markets typically with some kind of quoting system.
Risk premium arises any time there exists an investment that's riskier than the safest possible investment (whatever it may be). No other conditions are necessary.