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Retrieval practice and attempting to solve problems before you know the solution to them _does_ improve retention [1]. At least in my high school, those drills definitely exercised these two ideas. In college I copied half my homeworks from answers or exercised the option to make my grade entirely dependent on exams and I definitely retained less information than if I had done the homework.

[1]: https://www.retrievalpractice.org/make-it-stick

>>b9a2ca+(OP)
That's the real problem with the studies saying homework does nothing. Drill does improve learning! But that's not showing up in these studies for some reason...

>>bodhia+Rk
drill improve short term memorization! But unless the exam are focused on memorization instead of on understanding and mastery this will not make a significant impact on exams score.