This is NOT true, at least for the "original" setting. Upload an image, download it again - the checksums are identical.
If you modify the time/date or add comments within Google Photos, that new information is kept in a .json file instead of the exif data, but Google NEVER modifies the original photo if you select "original" quality.
If you fetch your image via takeout or via the API, the image bytes are the same, but the EXIF headers have been changed.
I've tried in both a standard Gmail account and a custom domain. Same behavior.
Are you saying your file SHA is the same from your device and your takeout?
I wonder if I am seeing US-account-exclusive behavior?
Same for the .heic files on my iPhone, too.