One surface level comment. As a non-religious person, I have always found the distinction between buildings for different types of religions as being somewhat artificial. Sure, they have different architectural styles, but they all have a similar purpose in my mind.
So a mosque is a church is a temple, on some level.
Churches/synagogues/mosques, on the other hand, are more like community gathering places. Whereas temples are viewed as being sacred and cut off from the profane world and required higher and higher levels of worthiness the closer you got to the innermost parts, churches/synagogues/mosques are more open to anyone who wants to come in and join the services. They are places where there might be activities, sports, clubs, etc. - more community oriented things, things you would never find in a temple.
Churches/synagogues/mosques themselves have different architectural features, but those have more to do with supporting the different ways of worshipping. For example, in Mosques the men and women worship separately. And a mosque needs an area where people can wash and do other ablutions before they enter.
And not all churches are the same. A catholic church will be much different than a protestant or an LDS or a Jehovah Witness church.