Go is a reasonably performant language that makes it pretty straightforward to write reliable, highly concurrent services that don't rely on heavy multithreading - all thanks to the goroutine model.
There really was no other reasonably popular, static, compiled language around when Google came out.
And there still barely is - the only real competitor that sits in a similar space is Java with the new virtual threads.
Languages with async/await promise something similar, but in practice are burdened with a lot of complexity (avoiding blocking in async tasks, function colouring, ...)
I'm not counting Erlang here, because it is a very different type of language...
So I'd say Go is popular despite the myriad of shortcomings, thanks to goroutines and the Google project street cred.
The change from Java 8 to 25 is night and day. And the future looks bright. Java is slowly bringing in more language features that make it quite ergonomic to work with.
The JVM is a runtime, just like what Go has. It allows for the best observability of any platform (you can literally connect to a prod instance and check e.g. the object allocations) and has stellar performance and stability.
"I am literally losing sleep over this issue since together with a move to more server based applications it seems like it could make it easy for people to do competitive operating systems." [1]
[1] https://www.joyk.com/dig/detail/1672957813119759#gsc.tab=0