I'm not sure how we should treat LLMs with respect to publicly accessible but copyrighted material, but it seems clear to me that "profiting" from copyrighted material isn't a sufficient criteria to cause me to "owe something to the owner".
Take a college student who scans all her textbooks, relying on fair use. If she is the only user, is she obligated to pay a premium for mining?
What about the scenario in which she sells that engine to other book owners? What if they only owned the book a short time in school?