Batteries are a cache, they allow harvest energy to be stored and used as needed, depending on load you can forgo them so long as the load is ok with varying voltage or being cut in and out if run through an inverter of some sort or solar controller both which will have capacitors that act as little batteries or caches to try and provide consistent power until they can't and they shut down.
My point was to get useful power at a stable voltage you need some battery like components to buffer the inconsistent power delivery of a solar panel so most of the time you see a actual battery involved.
Without any batteries you typically need to way over panel and still have some caps involved. My parents have a 7kw solar system grid tied no batteries with a 1500w emergency outlet that runs when the grid is down. Works ok but if enough clouds go over it just shuts off the inverter needs a lot of excess to maintain a stable 120v output and it has rather large filtering caps.