Sucks to say, but this is kind of on you. In general with any company, having a secondary payment method on file doesn't matter because autopay is only enabled for one (this is a feature, not a bug). And if their e-mails went to your spam, that's ultimately your problem as well (domain registrar e-mails are critical, you need to whitelist those).
I find it extremely unlikely that there were "no further emails or announcements" -- registrars are generally desperate to have you keep renewing, and will repeatedly send you e-mails if autopay fails. (Intentionally allowing GoDaddy domains of mine to expire in the past probably sent me 10-20 warning e-mails each, often daily.) But if your spam folder autodeletes messages after X days you can't find those either.
In any case, GoDaddy didn't cancel your domain -- you let it expire. And the €150 isn't a fine, it's a redemption fee which is standard with any registrar to recover a cancelled domain. With any registrar if you let your domain expire, it's going to get expensive.
I would not trust any of the registrars, not even Hover.
> That makes me think they have control over the price
Well yeah, registrar is a business, of course you have some say on the price you sell your domains... But there's a base price that is set by the registry behind the registrars
As an example, the .com is sold by Verisign (the registry) around 9 USD for the create/renew, but around 50 USD for the restore, depending on the negotiated price between the registrar and Verisign. So basically no registrar will allow you to restore a domain in redemption period for less than 50 USD.