Sucks to say, but this is kind of on you. In general with any company, having a secondary payment method on file doesn't matter because autopay is only enabled for one (this is a feature, not a bug). And if their e-mails went to your spam, that's ultimately your problem as well (domain registrar e-mails are critical, you need to whitelist those).
I find it extremely unlikely that there were "no further emails or announcements" -- registrars are generally desperate to have you keep renewing, and will repeatedly send you e-mails if autopay fails. (Intentionally allowing GoDaddy domains of mine to expire in the past probably sent me 10-20 warning e-mails each, often daily.) But if your spam folder autodeletes messages after X days you can't find those either.
In any case, GoDaddy didn't cancel your domain -- you let it expire. And the €150 isn't a fine, it's a redemption fee which is standard with any registrar to recover a cancelled domain. With any registrar if you let your domain expire, it's going to get expensive.
I would not trust any of the registrars, not even Hover.
So no, it doesn't appear to be a GoDaddy fee at all. It appears they could charge a premium on top of that, but they don't appear to be doing so in this case (assuming it's a .com).
(But correct that's it's not a government fee either.)