1. SELECT item_id WHERE expire = 0. If this is empty, no items are available.
2. UPDATE SET expire = some_future_time WHERE item_id = $selected_item_id AND expire = 0. Then check whether UPDATE affected any rows. If it did, item_id is yours. If not, loop. If the database has a sane optimizer it'll note at most one document needs locking as the primary id is given.
All this needs is a very weak property: document level atomic UPDATE which can return whether it changed anything. (How weak? MongoDB could do that in 2009.)
Source code at https://git.drupalcode.org/project/drupal/-/blob/9.2.x/core/... (We cooked this up for Drupal in 2009 but I am reasonably sure we didn't invent anything new.)
Of course, this is not the fastest job queue there is but it is quite often good enough.
Other things that matter, often more than what's easiest:
* Flexibility. If you aren't 100% sure what you'll need, but need something in place today, it can make sense to choose an unopinionated, generic solution.
* Familiarity. Maybe you've never used Rabbit.
* Ops simplicity. Maybe you already have a bunch of postgres deployed. Adding a new type of system means you need new ways of monitoring, new dependencies, different deployment.