What could one do to make it possible to have ME-less x86 in the future?
Joanna Rutkowska, Qubes founder, is the person who brought up intel ME as a problem in her paper Intel x86 considered harmful (https://blog.invisiblethings.org/papers/2015/x86_harmful.pdf).
For example: compiler is to software as X is to hardware. What is X? And how does one go about creating their own X?
So, given we can control most inputs to hardware, and most outputs, it seems possible to objectively identify when the HW is misbehaving (such as "A" produces network output that "B" does not). It wouldn't nail down which piece of hardware was compromised, but it would help identify that hardware is compromised.
It will never be _that_ easy, of course... but it seems possible.
Do TCP timings and retransmissions count as difference in outputs?